Equal Pay and the Glass Ceiling - Key Issues for Women Essay Example for Free

Equal Pay and the Glass Ceiling Key Issues for Women Essay Glass ceiling can be described as an economic term that refers to a scenario where the promotion of a qualified individual to a higher rank within an organization is overlooked so he or she is stuck at lower ranks mainly because of factors driven by discrimination, especially gender and racism (Arnwine, 2010). However, other factors considered as barriers to advancement at work place may include disabilities and aging. A good example are barriers women face when aspiring or attempting to attain higher position which is senior as well as to have higher salary levels in workplaces such as government offices, education, nonprofit organizations and business organizations. Indeed, glass ceiling is a term that was first used to refer to factors that barred women from promotion in the work place in the US yet they possessed the necessary qualifications (Hakim, 2004). Women are vital for contribution of work force around the globe and thus they should be regarded as equally potential like men. Despite their potential, women have been marginalized in various fields and especially in their work place since they are not much considered for advancement in their job groups even if they have the same qualification for promotion as their men counterpart employees. This is critical issue that should be addressed by the human resource management to ensure that job opportunities and promotions are granted on merit but not by any discrimination of whichever form. There is need for human resource management to combat glass ceiling, expand leadership roles of women and also advancement of women in their work places in both domestic and global fronts (International labor Office, 2004). Human resource managers and professionals can have a great impact in an organization because their role in recruitment and promotion of employees (Crampton, Hodge, Mishra, 1997). In other words, they ensure the well-being of all employees, especially with effect to job satisfaction to so that employees carry out their roles effectively. In that effect they should be concerned and have knowledge on how the phenomenon of glass ceiling may be impacting the organization reputation either indirectly or directly. They should also have to understand how this phenomenon is impacting the customer loyalty, growth potential, skill set diversity, and even the organization’s bottom line. Often, the chief executive officer or the organization’s president should invite the professionals of human resource in a meeting and discuss on the possible organization’s changes that could be made in order to reduce glass ceiling which has been in existence. This would maximize the organization’s reputation and performance. The human resource managers should also have knowledge of the organization’s employment laws, practices and programs. This is because the law can protect certain groups such as the women viewed as minority in labor markets. These professionals should also have the knowledge on the potential impacts that barriers caused by glass ceiling may have on the performance of the concerned employee. In some countries such as the United States, work place discrimination, especially sexual discrimination is illegal as stipulated in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, even though it exists in various forms. For instance, women may be discriminated in forms such as low salary increments and generally lower pay as compared to their male counterparts (International labor Office, 2004). This discrimination may also be manifested in the practices of hiring, promotional opportunities, development and training activities are disproportionate in favor of the men. Human resource professionals have the potential of impacting barriers of glass-ceiling either negatively or positively due to the changes in workplace which they implement or facilitate such as employee recruitment, development and trainings, transfers, succession planning, promotions and terminations. In many organizations, affirmative action plans (AAF) should be conducted to utilize analysis that compares number of minorities and women who are available in labor markets with the ones employed in their organization (Hakim, 2004). Another requirement of compliance is the review of corporate management, which is sometimes known as glass-ceiling audits and is usually conducted when the organization is conducting the audit of affirmative action plan and focus primarily on the process of decision making of CEO and senior executives. For non-compliance of affirmative action plans for a company, it can be fined severely and also companies who do not comply with employment laws may also have unfavorable publicity. The glass ceiling evidence can be described as invisible, overt or covert (Arnwine, 2010). Glass ceiling has spread its roots to the gender based barriers which run gamut from the stereotypes of gender to leadership styles that are preferred up to the ranks of high management. The glass ceiling effect sign is the gender-biased compensation where by anecdotal reports and studies have shown big discrepancies on salary favoring men even for similar job levels in the same organizations. Discrepancies favoring men exists in many organizations which are of different sizes. In these organizations women who do not have opportunities of gaining other competences are not likely to get any chance of adding their skills unlike their counterpart men working at the same organization (Crampton, Hodge, Mishra, 1997). Women mostly do not get chances of training in various management fields in most organization and this is a vice that need to be sort out since the world is changing and women are breaking the glass ceiling and are now in senior position in many large organizations including high ranking government offices. Another indicator which shows glass ceiling in an organization is when advancement of women is hampered by corporate cultures that are well-ingrained. Corporate practices and policies for example may maintain status quo in a manner that men are kept in the corporate power positions (International labor Office, 2004). Mostly the board directors in many organizations comprise men as the majority and they may also perpetuate the men status quo by choosing chief executive officers who are like them so as to plant the vice of glass ceiling in the organization. Other barriers that can be said to be gender based are communication and behavioral styles that vastly differ from norms of company and the lack of women opportunity of gaining line experience and also the general management. Human resource professionals should iron out the norms and policies, which can be a barrier to advancement of any group of individuals in the organization and ensure that employees are all motivated without discrimination. Human resource professionals should understand that challenges of work and personal life balance can have impact on women advancement and failure of dealing with them can result to the phenomenon of glass ceiling. They should have the assumption that women are care givers of the family and especially for the elderly and children and thus they may not meet all their work responsibilities due to family responsibilities. Furthermore, there are organizations which cannot give some programs that will involve outside commitment to women especially for the positions which are at senior levels. Therefore a lot of women are disadvantaged to take aspiration steps of advancing in the organization. In addition, promotion opportunities are often given in favor of men mainly due to their developmental prospects which include networks and mentoring (Hakim, 2004). Women are limited to access of the informal networks that men use in developing relationship networks in the organization or company. These networks tend to eliminate women because of nature of their work or sometimes the promotion or advancement may be perceived as male activities and thus this contribute to work place gender barriers. The human resource professionals should ensure that all organization activities are conducted in the organization but should not be discussed outside especially on the matter of promotion or job advancement in the organization. They should also see the need of balancing the personnel who are in the management and leadership line to include women so long as they are competent for such posts. Human resource personnel should avoid glass ceiling by avoiding perception of seeing women as being incompetent in various fields like management and stop stereotyping them. They should do away with the barriers that prevent women from advancing in the organization such as societal barriers and governmental barriers. In recruiting new employees in the organization they should not consider the potential candidates with any discrimination under whatever grounds. The recruitment personnel should not stereotype people and consider other people such as men being more suitable thus leaving women out and may be they could be more competent than the men selected. The government officials who are responsible for recruiting new employees should not be biased on a certain group of people since this is one thing that contributes to glass ceiling placing women on the losing end. Another point of view is that the human resource personnel should wipe out business and structural barriers such as recruitment and out reach practices which can make the minorities and women not to be considered in recruitments. They should also be conscious about the corporate climate which isolate and alienate women from receiving promotions and job advancement in the organization they are working in so as to break the glass ceiling. Another area of adjustment is the training where many organization personnel responsible for training employees have pipeline barriers making women in the organization to receive poor training, which make them unable to have carrier growth in their organization (Crampton, Hodge, Mishra, 1997). They should also eliminate inadequate mentoring in the organization to make women able to be considered for such promotional posts in the organization rather than mentoring men only. Rating and testing systems should not be biased in the organization but should be fair and job advancement should be granted on the merit of performance and competence so as to avoid imbalance of the people in leadership positions in the organization. Internal communication networks in the organization should not be limited to some people but the networks should be among all the employees working together because this is one barrier which makes women to lag behind at the times of job advancements and promotions. To reduce or eliminate glass ceiling in the organization, women employees should not be limited when it comes to job rotation and assignments because limitation of such nature may lead to executive suite. The institutions should not be too much rigid to deny women employees the balance between work and family. With no access of training, developmental assignment, mentoring and other activities of job enhancement, too many women who are qualified are cut short before they reach their aspirations. Corporate leaders should realize that there is need of input and talent of minorities and women at the senior levels in their organization to meet the need of the changing environment in the market (International labor Office, 2004). The demographic and competition internationally is changing and requires all types of gender so as to improve the today’s global world economy. Breaking glass ceiling should be addressed as economic imperative and is the bottom line critical issue in every business internationally and also a pocketbook issue to the working women together with their families. The chief executive officers should focus on job diversity so as to influence the organization culture and create atmosphere which utilizes fully capabilities and talents of the diverse workforce. Setting timetables and goals for diversity of the work force is a business extension practice that can enable it to weigh their growth and progress. Line manager should be held responsible to break the glass ceiling and thus they should have systems of rewarding and compensating in accordance to the diversity objectives accomplishment. Organizations should have affirmative actions to ensure that all employees have access to opportunities equally and they should be based on merit and ability. Opportunities of advancement should be promoted to people who can effectively contribute to the performance of the organization. This means that the rich talent should be used so as to improve the economic stability and also to break the glass ceiling. Another way of breaking glass ceiling is for the organizations to make expansion of their traditional recruitment networks to use a method that seek candidates with experience and backgrounds of non-customary. All in all, the human resource professionals should be concerned on how they can break glass ceiling in their organizations because the world has changed and also glass ceiling is one of the issue that is much of concern in the today life. There is need of selecting and promoting employees in an organization on the grounds of merit so as to improve performance of the organization and have competent employees who know how to tackle changes as they come. References Arnwine, B. (2010). Breaking the Glass Ceiling. Retrieved July 19, 2010, from http://www. newdeal20. org/2010/03/29/breaking-the-glass-ceiling-9240/ Crampton, S. , Hodge, J. , Mishra, J. (1997). The Equal Pay Act: The first 30 Years. Public Personnel Management, 26, 12-21. Hakim, C. (2004). Key Issues in Women’s Work: Female Diversity and the Polarization of Women’s. Oregon: Routledge Cavendish. International labor Office. (2004). Breaking Through the Glass Ceiling: Women in Management. Retrieved July 19, 2010, from http://www. ilo. org/dyn/gender/docs/RES/292/f267981337

Bleeding and Clotting Time in Different Blood Groups

Bleeding and Clotting Time in Different Blood Groups Comparison of Bleeding Time and Clotting Time in different Blood Groups among Medical students Nadera Yasmeen Assistant professor,Department of Physiology, KBNIMS Gulbarga-585104, Karnataka, India Abstract Background and objectives Blood grouping, Bleeding time and clotting time are clinically useful tests, extensively used during blood transfusion, platelet disorders and a variety of forms of treatment in hospitals. The objective of our study is to find out if there is any relationship between the blood groups with the bleeding time and clotting time in 1st year medical students. Materials and methods The study was performed in 172 apparently healthy 1st year MBBS students in the age group of 17-20 years, of the department of physiology at KBNIMS, Gulbarga. Bleeding time and clotting time were estimated by Duke Method and capillary tube method respectively. Blood grouping was done with standard antisera. Finally bleeding time and clotting time of different blood groups were compared and statistical analysis was done. Results and conclusion The study showed that O group was found in more number of cases (39.5%) than A, B AB blood group. Clotting time was increased in blood group B than A which was statistically highly significant. (p 0.05). Keywords: Blood Group, Bleeding Time, Clotting Time. INTRODUCTION Blood grouping is very essential as it plays an important role in blood transfusion, genetics forensic pathology and it may have some association with diseases like duodenal ulcer, diabetes mellitus, urinary tract infections, feto-maternal incompatibility leading to haemolytic disease of newborn.1-3 Earlier it has been reported that blood group O was over represented in Caucasian patients admitted with epistaxis compared with the general Caucasian population.4 It is also seen that there is an association between ABO blood group status and levels of vWF. Blood group O is associated with lower expression of Von Willebrand factor causing a relative bleeding tendency 5, 6 ,7 but other workers 8 could not find out any association between the level of vWF and bleeding time. The objective of this study is to find out if there is a relationship between the ABO blood groups with the bleeding time and clotting time in our population. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 172 apparently healthy 1st year MBBS students in the age group of 17-20 years of the department of Physiology at KBNIMS, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India. Blood groups were determined by mixing the samples of blood with the antisera A, B and D and looking for clumping of RBC’s under the microscope. Bleeding time was estimated by Duke Method and clotting time by Capillary tube method respectively9. Prior to the study ethical committee approval was taken from college authorities. RESULTS Statistical analysis was done using SPSS package version 19.0. During the study it was found that most of the students belonged to O group [39.5%] than A [25.5%], B [28.4%] and AB [6.3%] and Clotting time was statistically significant in all the blood groups. Bleeding time remained non-significant. [Table 1]. Table 1: Distribution of blood groups (n = 172) *P Graph 1. Comparison of clotting time Graph 2. Comparison of bleeding time in different blood groups in different blood groups DISCUSSION Considerable research has been carried out all over the world regarding diseases and their correlation with blood group. Reddy et al 4 found in their study that among Caucasian epistaxis patients 50.4% of patients were blood group O but among control groups, this was 45.10%. Another study performed by Daniel et al 8 pointed out that admission for epistaxis was more common among Caucasian than Asian people. Morant AE 5 showed in their study the prevalence of blood group O was more among Caucasians than Asians. (Caucasians 46 versus Asian 31%.) It is seen that persons having any other blood group except O are at more risk of venous thromboembolism. Non O group individuals have higher levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF) and factor VIII (FVIII) 10, 11. In our study population also, O group was prevalent in more number (39.5%) of cases than other blood group (B- 28.4, A- 25.5, AB- 6.3%). Clotting time was increased in blood group B than A which was statistically highly significant. (p Conclusion Our study suggests that O blood group is prevalent in more number of students. Clotting time is more in all the blood groups which was statistically significant. Bleeding time did not show any statistically significant change. Further larger study is needed to verify the above mentioned findings. Further study needs to find out if there is any association of this finding in cases of epistaxis in our population. REFERENCES 1. Akhtar MN, Tayyib A, Tasneem T, Butt AR. ABO blood group in patients with peptic ulcer disease : Association with secretor status . Ann King Edward Med Coll 2003; 9: 238-40. 2. Qureshi MA, Bhatti R. Frequency of ABO blood groups among the diabetes mellitus type 2 patients. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2003; 13: 453-5. 3. Ziegler T, Jacobsohn N, Fà ¼nfstà ¼ck R. Correlation between blood group phenotype and virulence properties of Escherichia coli in patients with chronic urinary tract infection Int. J Antimicrob Agents. 2004; 24 Suppl 1:570-5. 4. Reddy, V.M., M Daniel, E. Bright, S.R. Broad and A.A. Moir, 2008. Is there an association between blood group O and epistaxis ? J. Laryngol. Otol., 122: 366-368. DOI: 10.1017/S0022215107008560 5. Mourant, A.E., 1983. Blood Relations: Blood Groups and Anthropology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp : 146. 6. Favaloro, E.J., S. Soltani, J. McDonald, E. Grezchnik, I.. Easton and J. W. Favaloro, 2005. Reassessment of ABO blood group, sex and age on laboratory parameters used to diagnose Von Willebrand disorder: Potential influence on the diagnosis Vs the potential association with risk of thrombosis. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 124: 910-917. 7. Gill, J.C., E.J. Brooks, P.J. Bauer, W.J. Marks Jr and R.R. Montgomery, 1987. The effect of ABO blood group on the diagnosis of Von Willebrand disease. Blood, 69 : 1691-1695 8. Daniel, M., M.C.Jaberoo, R.E. Stead, V.M. Reddy and A.A. Moir, 2006. Is admission for epistaxis more common in Caucasian than in Asian people? Preliminary study. Clin. Otolaryngol. 31: 386-389. 9. Ghai, C.L., 1999. A Text book of Practical Physiology. 5th Edn. Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi, Haematology, pp: 84-101. 10. Jenkins PV, O’Donnell JS. ABO blood group determines plasma von Willebrand factor levels; a biologic function after all? Transfusion. 2006; 46 (10):1836-1844. 11. Kamphuisen PW, Elkenboom JCI, Bertina RM. Elevated Factor VIII levels and the risk of Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb vasc Biol. 2001; 21 (5):731-738.

Study On Etihad Airlines

Study On Etihad Airlines Etihad Airways was recognized in 2003. It is the national or says the flag holding carrier passenger air service of Abu Dhabi, the capital of United Arab Emirates (UAE). The airline is headquartered in Abu Dhabi, the capital of UAE as mentioned earlier. In 2007, it passed additional than 6 million clients, contrasted with approximately 340,000 in its very 1st full time process in the year of 2004. The company has more than 8000 employees working in numerous divisions like finance, marketing, flying, sales etc . Currently Etihad is operating its services in regions like Indian subcontinent, North America, Europe, Far East Middle East, Africa and Oceania. Its major base or platform is Abu Dhabi International Airport. (Delfmann, 2005) Etihad Airways is the representative air carrier of Abu Dhabi, offers planned air transportation for cargo and customers. Companys sole shareholder is the government itself of Emirate of Abu Dhabi, was been extracted from its combined venture in Gulf Air in the year 2005 and preserved its spotlight on Etihad Airways. INDUSTRY: The airlines business of UAE is huge if we look at the quantity of service providers. The sector is filled from number of low cost airlines. State airlines of UAE other than Etihad include Gulf Air, Emirates and Air Arabia. Gulf air started operations in 1950. It provides a quantity of facilities to its clients. Initially it has provided many involved facilities to kids below the age of 10. It also provides spited dinning for its passengers. It is delectated as a standard nationalized flight for the majority of the purposes. Next, Emirates airlines were initiated after Gulf Air in the year 1985. (Vedder, 2008) It is also measured as a state flight. The airline has won numerous awards for its luxury services. This airline comprises of many aircraft both for private and public issues. Etihad airline is the most new one and was launched after Air Arabia in the very same year. It had also become fairly accepted but could not battle with Air Arabia on concern of low cost. Kam air fare is too considered as 1 of the stumpy cost airlines in United Arab Emirate. Among all the existing national air services till date, the Air Arabia is supposed to be the cheapest among all. It is not recognized to be an airline with the finest ability on board but of course it presents a cheap fare to its clients. The facilities offered by these public airlines to their clients vary drastically from each other. All the mentioned airlines have great contribution to the nationalized economy of the UAE. (Group, 2006) ETIHADS BUSINESS DESCRIPTION: The Etihad airline was started in the year 2004 or say started operating in 2004, but was established earlier in august 2003. The airline carried over 4.5 million travelers, an boost of about 65.7% over the figure of year 2006; In addition with this, Etihad also gained 175,000 tons of cargo in year 2007, an augment of over 70% from that of year 2006 . In 2008, the airline placed a requirement for over 190 planes, which would be of worth AED157.9 billion or approximately USD 40 billion. The order is composed of about 95 Boeing airplanes and 100+ from Airbus. Tentative schedule for release of order is between 2011 and 2020. (Vedder, 2008) Etihad Airways possess complete stocks is its 2 subsidiaries, Etihad Crystal Cargo, which offers cargo handling facility and Etihad Holidays, a travel group and vehicle rental company. The Etihad Airline owned a group of 37 traveler and cargo airplanes, as depicted by the data of January 2008 and it plan is to increase its aircraft group to 300 by the year 2020. The company is also planning to fly with over 25 million travelers per year by 2020 and to dual the number of destinations served from 48 to make it close to 100. The principle business activity is to provide scheduled air transport services for customer and freight; travel agents etc. VISION AND MISSION MISSION: The mission of the Etihad airline is to make the most of profitability by applying effectual business practices for best yield, maximum load factors, minimum transit times, seamless and instant information to the flying community, management and increase clients service. (Delfmann, 2005) VISION: As the public sector Airline of the United Arab Emirates, the company, Etihad seek to replicate the best of countrys hospitality cultured, warm, considerate and generous in totaling to get better the status of Abu Dhabi, the capital Emirate as a center of hospitality between West and East. (Delfmann, 2005) STRATEGIES AND VALUES: Norms: There are few norms popular in Etihad One is the dress of employees in the company. It is expected in the company that people will wear traditional UAE cloths. In office, female employees are not allowed to wear short skirt or any other type of clothing considered un social in the UAE culture. Values:Few values prevailing in the company are: No one here complains for other employee in the team in the case he or she fail to timely accomplish the task assign to him or her. His is a very nice practice in terms of team culture as it stops any disunity in the team and promotes unity and working together. The second one is especially for foreign employees. The company use to pay the tri yearly labor license required by the government to work in the country. Assumptions: There are few assumptions also considered in the company. For example, the people here consider that the task is assigned only by the senior and they are required to work only after the assignment of the work providing a very mechanistic framework of work in the company. BUSINESS STRATEGIES FOR ETIHAD: Some strategies of Etihad for future few years are as follows: †¢ Expanding its aircraft range: One important constraint in companys expansion plan is the limited number of cargo and passenger planes available to the company. The company will place periodic orders for new aircrafts to support its expansions plans. †¢ To provide service on more number of routes: The company would like to serve in European countries and other untouched destinations in North and South America. The expansion will give a vast increment in companys present market size. †¢ To enhance efficiency of operations: As a long term strategy, the company would like to implement TQM strategies in its operations. †¢ Increase its revenue maintaining high and quality structure of luxurious aircraft industry: †¢ Another one is Emiritization and advancement of UAE people. The company has a number of plans in this direction with long term interest which are mentioned as follows: UAE National Cadet Pilots Training or UNCPT The company invites aspirants who what to become a pilot with a statement like We are giving wings to your dreams. Its pilot training program is one of the finest in the nation. The company states that as the public Airline of the United Arab Emirate, it has a immense vision. To see further Emiratis taking their correct position as pilots in lone of the fastest mounting airlines on the planet. (Bilimoria, 2006) UAE National Graduate Entry Management Programme The public airline of the UAE, Etihad, is investing in its outlook and would consequently like to spend in people by giving them the chance to be 1 of the privileged students chosen to join its UNGEM program. It states that by this program, graduates will develop sturdy leadership abilities and form a collection of professionals who are organized to meet quickly expanding and developing leadership wants in various branches within the company. (Bilimoria, 2006) †¢ Enhancing the cargo carriers flights: As shown from the contribution of profit from the cargo and customer units, the cargo unit contributes around 65% of the companys turnover, which depict the clear dominance of cargo unit over the customer unit in terms of profit. The company would like to utilize this faith of people in Etihads cargo unit to gain additional market share. Thus as an expansion plan for cargo unit, the company is ordering more share of cargo planes as compared to that of passenger planes. BUSINESS SERVICES AND CUSTOMERS: The company mainly focuses on two streams of services: passenger service and fright carriers. Few highlights are: International flight connecting Abu Dhabi to more than 45 international destinations in USA, Indian subcontinent etc. Etihad carried over 4.6 million passengers, an augment of approximately 65.8% over in 2006. Along with this, it also griped 175,000 tons of freight in 2007, which is an increase of over 75% than the year 2006. (Group, 2006) Etihad Airways owns complete share is its two subsidiaries, Etihad Holidays, a travel group and vehicle rental company and Etihad Crystal Cargo, which provides freight handling services. Etihad had a 24 hour help line for its customers. Etihad also provide hospitality services by providing temporary accommodation in hotels. (Group, 2006) The Etihad Airline owned a group of 37 traveler and cargo airplanes, as depicted by the data of January 2008 and it plan is to increase its aircraft group to 300 by the year 2020. Etihad is also planning to fly over 25 million customers per year by 2020 and to twofold the number of metropolitans served from 50 to make it near 100. MARKET SEGMENTS: The key market segments been served by the company is the corporate cargo and low and medium earning customers for passenger carriers. COMPETITIVE POSITION IN THE INDUSTRY: COMPETITORS ANALYSIS THE MICRO ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS The micro environment analysis is a structure for outlining marketing strategies of a company and also conducting an industry review. It is governed by Porters five force analysis. They are as follows: The threat of substitute products: In case of Etihad, the substitute product is actually similar services present in the gulf. For example there are number of companies providing similar aviation services like the company under consideration like Easy Jet, Air Arabia etc. The threat of entry of new competitors: The aviation market in gulf is going through a boom. Many new investors including both domestic and foreign firms are seeking an opportunity to fly in this gloomy aviation market. (Delfmann, 2005) The threat of competitive rivalry: Aviation is a field where competition doesnt just come from price dimensions but also from innovation and advertisement. Etihad should realize the number of competitors it has and the diversities in which they exist. The bargaining power of customers: Etihad like other airlines had a fixed cost service. The cost of any travel is predefined. However, due to costumers reaction toward any particular price frame, the company needs to bring variation in the cost of travelling. The bargain power of suppliers: Etihad is an airline company, so it owes much of its pricing to its suppliers. The raw materials and small services that it uses, determine the costs of its service. So, it is highly beneficial to have suppliers who are good at bargaining to keep the cost of the service low. Major intake of aviation industry of Etihad includes high quality fuel, packers and movers, transportation and hospitality partners. Competitors: There are number of other airline services which create market saturation for Etihad. Easy Jet is an example of such service which provides competition to Etihad. (Vedder, 2008) MAIN COMPETITORS OF THE ORGANIZATION: Air Arabia, Aerovista Airlines, Abu Dhabi Aviation, Air Cess, Kang Pacific Airlines, Falcon Aviation Services, RAK Airway, Flydubai, Dolphin Air, Palm Aviation, Emirates, Airlink, Dubai Air Wing and Eastern SkyJets etc. MARKETING ACTIVITIES OF COMPETITORS: Talking about Airlink, which is a major competitor of Etihad, the number of jets possessed by the company is much higher than Etihad. Airlink and similar airways like Air Arabia believes in cheep service providing and better market capturing. Etihad on the other hand believes in capturing luxury market sharing. Air Arabia has 5 times aircrafts than Etihad. It has more capacity aircrafts too. Palm aviation is much concerned towards long distance comfortable tour packages. For promotional activities, bigger firms like Air Arabia, Aerovista use television ads while smaller firms uses print media for promoting their services. Institutional marketing and collaboration with other firms is also employed as a marketing tactic. (Vedder, 2008) PESTLE ANALYSIS: Political: Etihad, like other aviation firms, has to follow strict government regulations. Any small incident can result in heavy burdens in terms of rules and possessing aircrafts. Economical: Economical problems are an obvious outside factors for Etihads. As the company is trying to increase its span, namely in Russia, it needs more Aircraft and investment. Social: The Company also has some social responsibilities to follow. The company has to take serious steps in order to meet the social responsibility towards its people and towards the nations culture. The reason is as Aviation co exists with countrys hospitality industry, it has to make sure that hospitality industry does not get suffered. (Delfmann, 2005) Technological: As the technology changes, the employees who can deal with new technology are needed in every aspects of work. Also there arises a need that the existing employees must also be re engineered so that they can cop up with new style of work. Legal: Aviation laws, labor laws, governments rules form the legal periphery for Etihads. SWOT ANALYSIS: SWOT is an acronym of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. This is a marketing analysis that helps a company understand its competitors. A brief discussion of SWOT analysis of Etihad is as follows: Strength: The Company has strong brand image Cargo units. The company already has 12 jets including 5 Boeings other world class luxury aircrafts like Learjet 35, Learjet 55, Avro RJ70 and Avro RJ80 etc to support its luxury market. The companys hold on this segment is increasingly growing too. (Delfmann, 2005) Weakness: Because of work in luxury segments and passenger unit is down, the companys market scope is limited, any new competitor and launch of new luxury aircraft can force the company to drastically change is market statistics. Also the desired costumer volume is also limited. Opportunities: Recently the company is exploring opportunities to invest in Eastern Europe including Russia. The company is looking constantly for new markets apart from Gulf region. Threats: the main threats to the company are form increasing number of aviation services in luxury class. Another threat is from economic crises that is indirectly affecting the end customers of Etihad. FUTURE GROWTH PERSPECTIVE: The company has immense growth opportunity in both its passenger and cargo units. Few of these are mentioned as follows: New business opportunities in Russian and European market. Acquisition of new and small business possible in many areas including international markets. Buying of new aircrafts will facilitate the growth and increased number of routes as planned by the company. REFERENCES: 1. Oxford Business Group (2006), Emerging Abu Dhabi, Published by Oxford Business Group, ISBN: 1902339428, 9781902339429 2. Delfmann, Werner (2005), Strategic management in the aviation industry, Published by Ashgate Publishing, ISBN: 0754645673, 9780754645672 3. Vedder ,Hendrik (2008), Strategic Alliances in the Aviation Industry: An Analysis of Past and Current Developments, Published by GRIN Verlag, ISBN: 364023037X, 9783640230372 4. Bilimori; Sandy Kristin, Piderit (2006). Handbook on women in business and management. Published by Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN: 1845424328, 9781845424329

madonna Essay -- essays research papers

Have you ever heard a song once and was never able to get the tune out of your head no matter how hard you tried? I know that has happened to me on several occasions. Whether we enjoy the songs or not, there is something about music within popular culture that drives the American public wild. Sadly, for quite sometime the music industry was largely closed off to women. Of course there were obvious exceptions to this, since talented female artists have existed through the ages, but on the whole there were not many female artists that got a lot of airplay and certainly none were considered significantly influential in the music industry. Recently the United States has begun to experience a women’s musical renaissance. Women’s roles in pop music are steadily growing. There have been many outstanding female musicians and vocalists in the past that have aided in making the music industry less of a male opinionated society, from Aretha Franklin, Mo Tucker, and Ella Fitzgerald to pop icons like Courtney Love, Queen Latifa, and Melissa Ethridge. Along side these, there are two women who have conquered most obstacles they’ve faced and, in addition, forced the music industry to become more of a female friendly environment. Those two women are Madonna and Brittany Spears. Madonna is an artist that most Americans are very familiar with. From rudeness to charity, she is always in the public eye. Madonna took women and sex through a quantum leap and her unique style and flair has been imprinted on pop culture forever. Besides creating major trends in music she was responsible for many fashion statements throughout the eighties and nineties (Gandee 307). Up until 1982, female sexuality was largely a suggestion of cleavage and tight-fitting jeans, then Madonna showed up in 1983 wearing her Victoria's Secrets on the outside, and all hell broke loose. Madonna Ciccone was born in 1958 near Motown, to an engineer father and homemaker mother, the eldest of eight children. The one thing baby Madonna wanted more than anything was to become famous. She trained on piano and dance, and signed up for almost any activity that would put her face in public view. By the time she turned twenty, she felt she had waited long enough for fame to find her, and went out looking for it. Throughout her career as one of America’s superstars, Madonna maintained much of her creative control while... ...stry seem obtainable to everyone. Their accomplishments represent many of the recent victories won by women in the music industry; Accomplishments like Lilith Faire and Rock for Choice. Though many doors have been opened there are many that have remained shut. For instance, the way that many labels choose to market female artists like sex symbols instead of relying on their ability to perform. A women musician are becoming more and more visible, and with this visibility comes power. Ani DiFranco and Madonna are just two examples of women who are starting their own record labels and signing their own bands. By doing this they are insuring that female artists get heard. Obviously, not every women musician can have this kind of determination, but the fact that they are on stage playing what they love, music, makes them powerful. O’Dair, Barbara. "Introduction". The Rolling Stone Book of Women In Rock. Ed. Barbara O’Dair. New York: Random House, Inc., 1997. Udovitch, Mim. "Madonna". The Rolling Stone Book of Women in Rock. Ed. Barbara o’Dair. New York:Random House,Inc.,1997. Gandee, Charles. "In The Closet With Madonna". Vogue Oct. 1997: 306-313, 378.

Essay on the Character of Caleb Trask in John Steinbecks East of Eden :: East Eden Essays

The Character of Caleb Trask in East of Eden Cal Trask is one of the most complex characters in John Steinbeck's East of Eden. Through Cal's childhood experiences, his personal motives, and his internal conflict, Steinbeck shows the development of Cal's character. First of all, the most important childhood experience which affects Cal's life is Adam's 12 year abandonment of his sons. Since Cathy ran away, the twins have no mother figure to give them tenderness as they grow up. This absence of open affection leaves Cal unable to express his needs for love and attention. Only Lee, the Chinese servant, is there to guide Cal and Aron. Since Cal is the more dominant of the two brothers, he learns to manipulate Aron and others around him. He takes this role because, while "no one liked Cal very much... Aron drew love from every side"(Steinbeck 551). Lee observes that "he's [Cal] fighting for his life and his brother doesn't have to fight [for his father's love and affection]"(386). Cal's well-intentioned motives are mostly aimed at winning his father's love. He sacrifices his pride and asks Will Hamilton to help him raise money to replace the money Adam lost in the lettuce adventure. When Adam rejects the money, he in effect rejects Cal, which is "brutal, and unfeeling, and this after he had begun a cordial relationship with his son"(Fontenrose 375). Cal is so distraught that he lashes out at Aron, his father's favorite son, by telling him the truth about their mother. This act is a contrast to a similar crossroad earlier in the novel when Cal doesn't tell Aron the truth about his mother because "he didn't think Aron could handle it at all" (586). Cal also withholds the information in an effort to be "good," and because Cal knows that the revelation of his knowledge of this secret would bring pain to Adam, the man he loves the most. Finally, Cal is faced with his internal struggle of good versus evil. This struggle is partly caused by his traumatic child experiences. He struggles with the question of whether his evil actions are the result of his own evilness or his mother's wickedness. He tries to combat this wickedness that he sees within himself by trying to acquire affection, especially his father's, through good deeds and being more pleasant towards other. However, he strikes out at others whenever he feels rejected by Adam, and he fights the urge to strike out at Aron, who Cal believes is Adam's favorite son, by using his most devastating weapon---the truth about their mother.

Become a Better Driver

In every major city accidents happen in which people are injured or killed. These unintended injurious events are caused by a â€Å"mistake† made by the parties involved (Hughes). Many people are good drivers, but it would be good for people to learn to be better drivers. It will help people if they have to retake their license test when they renew their license. This will help them follow the road rules, be more respectful to other drivers, and avoid other distractions while driving. If people follow the road rules, they will learn to become better drivers. There are many different rules that drivers have to learn in order to get their license. If they follow the same rules they learned in the beginning, then there shouldn’t be as many wrecks today as there are. If everyone has to retake their license test when their license expires, then that will help them remember the road rules. An article states, â€Å"U-turns account for over 19 deaths and 654 serious crashes between the year 2004 and 2008† (Road Safety). Recently there have been some changes in the road rules because there have been so many wrecks. In, â€Å"Five Thousand Teenagers Die Annually in Crashes† it states, â€Å"In 2004, more than 2,500 teens were in fatal crashes because of failing to yield or veering out of their lanes† (Hughes). Mistakes like this cause a lot more crashes. So it is important the people retake the license test so they learn to become better drivers so not so many accidents happen. Drivers should learn to be more respectful toward other drivers. When driving, people don’t pay attention to other drivers. Such as at four way stops you need to make sure you wait until it’s your turn to go. Don’t just go because you don’t feel like waiting. â€Å"Intentionality can be seen in a range, from deliberate carelessness (hope no one gets hurt) to recklessness (too bad for them if they don’t get out of the way)† (Hughes). When drivers don’t care about other drivers on the road, more than likely, there are going to be accidents. An article states, â€Å"Weekly, there are stories reported of â€Å"accidents† that are really events based on bad decisions, which have predictable results† (Hughes). Drivers pay too much attention to other distractions. There are cell phones, radios, GPS’s, billboards, etc. A lot of drivers have wrecks because the distractions cause them to pay attention to something else other than driving. Devices aren’t the only distractions. When teenagers have friends in the car with them it is also a distraction. When teenagers drive with their friends, it causes them to not pay as much attention to the road as they should. â€Å"44% of teens acknowledge they drive more safely without friends in the car† (Hughes). Drivers need to pay attention to the road and other drivers instead of everything else going on. Many people consider themselves good drivers. There are always ways that someone can become a better driver, even if you think you already are. In an article it states, â€Å"In the United States, an average of 5,000 teens die every year in car crashes- an average of 14 teenage lives lost every day† (Hughes). If everyone was as good of a driver as they think they are then that many teens would not die yearly. That is why everyone should have to retake their license test when they have to renew their license. Sometimes accidents can just happen regardless of how good of a driver the person is. There is really no way of stopping these kinds of accidents except for trying to avoid them in all possible ways. But even if you try to avoid them, the accident might still happen. If drivers have to retake their license test it would help them keep aware of their surroundings and how to avoid accidents. Everyone can learn to be a better driver by following the rules of the road, respecting other drivers, and by not getting distracted by other things. Although almost everyone says they are good drivers there is always room for improvement. Become a better driver so there will be fewer accidents yearly.

Issues in Art Therapy with Children Essay

contrivance therapy is the remedy persona of making subterfuge within a captain relationship, and the motion involved in making blind is healing and life-enhancing. In the early 1980s, the Ameri skunk invention Therapy Association (Levick, 1983, as cited in sweet do itr, 1993) regarded nontextual matter therapy as an chance for signed flavor and communication with the belief that the originative sour of fine graphics is a mode of reconciling frantic conflicts and of furthering self-awargonness. The connexion later expanded their definition to pack cheat Therapy is a human military value profession that utilizes maneuver media, im dates, the yeasty nontextual matter savet against and persevering/ client responses to the created products as reflections of an some(a) systems breeding, abilities, personality, interests, concerns and conflicts. dodge experiences qu ruseer append an resource to oral forms of appraisal and give-and-take (Ameri bottom c heat Therapy Association rude(a)sletter, 1998). Kaplan (2000) reviewed the findings of separate neuroscientists who historied that graphic representation is a interwoven activity, involving aras of the brain associated with langu shape up.For example, Restak (1994) reported that to a great extent brain neurons argon devoted to heap than the an other(prenominal) intelligences. Kaplan suggests that studio machination arse facilitate problem-solving abilities, hold pleasure and vanity, and tender opportunities for successful functioning in chel arn and bigs with cognitive impairments. Malchiodi (2003) cites studies by scientists who appoint that drawing involves complex interactions among many p wiles of the brain, and n whizznesss that experience will be interchange to discretion how dodgeistic creation therapy head for the hillss and wherefore it is a powerful healthful humour.Riley (2003) ob armed serviced that fling opportunities to create nontextual matter to discourage boor alike(p)s as a means of communication that give the bounce be enjoyed and come acrossled tenders a lens for consider their perceptions through their own images, as thoroughly as a vehicle for give-and-take and a way to point resistance. In addition, she finds drawingless(prenominal) confrontational, less familiar, and less judgmental than talk, and that adolescent depression is practic totallyy masked. Teenagers whitethorn similarly be angry or aggressive, as opposed to the lassitude characteristic of depressed adults, and fine blindistryistry-making tush mete place to relieve irritating self-deprecation.Wadeson (1980) n unitaryd that drawings by patients experiencing depression showed less color, less affect, and less effort than the drawings of nondepressed individuals. In addition, they showed to a greater extent empty space and to a greater extent depressive affect, such(prenominal) as drawing close harming others. Silver & Ellison (1995) described the doings and biography of a 16-year-old who had been arrested and incarcerated for stabbing a nonher y break throughhfulness with a pencil. His history included a volatile temper and it was business organizationed that he cleverness harm others. His give had disappe bed and his mother had been killed in a gang-related incident.During his stay in the facility, he was placed on suicide watch, and at that placefore was disciplined for angry acting-out. Three weeks later on his release, he committed suicide. Advantages of imposture Therapy vs. tralatitious Verbal Therapy for Children umpteen studies performed by therapist- look forers go for been chosen to focus on fine guileistic productionistic creation therapy in servingicular because of the expressive cunnings benefit of allowing pincerren a non communicatory payoff for their feelings. However, because nontextual matter therapy is a relatively forward-looking modality, on that point is a m inimal shamble sense of seek that has been conducted to patronage its efficacy or usefulness. on that pointfore, tralatitiously there has been less toleration of it as a viable handling option. Due to this belief, it is important to point out the many favors of conducting fraud therapy to treat a wide spectrum of mental illnesses, from severe disorders such as schizophrenia to mild behavioural disorders. on that point ar many remedial payoffs to this giveicular type of therapy. Pre-adolescent children often shit severey expressing their thoughts and feelings verbally. Childrens linguistic and cognitive skills argon not fully developed, which limits their verbal demonstration.Because trick therapy involves nonverbal communication, it is useful with this age population whose developmental limitations prevent the train of p prowessicipation often required in verbal therapy (Newcomer, 1993). Instead of words, the image created by the child is the symbolic representatio n of a feeling, event, wish, etc. This form of preverbal scene and preverbal sentiment does not require translation because it is show in image form. For children who be not able to fixate the translation, machinationistry is utilise as a vehicle for expression sort of than words (Newcomer, 1993).another(prenominal) advantage of art therapy is that the image produced target serve as a catalyst for verbal expression. This image then offers the child with body structure and a foundation in an test to explain or describe the merchandise (Newcomer, 1993). Many children perplex from low conceit and low self-confidence. When a child participates in art therapy activities and can master the materials and casts, it furnishs an opportunity for the child to pure tone-up self-esteem and self-confidence. Many of the participants in the present reproduction incur from a poor self-image and low self-esteem and confidence.Children, particularly in flushed neighborhoods, ofte n feel a drop of get a line over the unpredictable and crank purlieu in which they are living. Therefore, it is important to contact mastery of a task, which seconds build a feeling of match. blind projects can serve to do this. fine art therapy is advantageous to traditional talk therapy in that it suffices to get out a favorablely acceptable opportunity for expression and is relatively nonthreatening, whereas verbal therapy can shake a stigma. Many individuals, both children and adults, suffer from the stigma of being in therapy. diminution or eliminating this disallow stigma can serve to enhance the therapy (Newcomer, 1993). Art therapy provides a forum where children are able to freely express emotion when discussing their ar dickensrk without fear of violating social norms. Another benefit of art therapy is the social component that can be lay downed into the session if providing base art therapy. By functionals on crowd projects and manduction materials, i t sustains develop interpersonal relationships and fosters cooperation (Newcomer, 1993).At the Lake drills Insight Through Art Program, all children in the groups share materials and at times engage in group projects. Another advantage of art therapy that has been famous is the reduce in energy train that occurs during the creative process (Newcomer, 1993). Individuals in art therapy are still stimulated as in talk therapy, entirely in a different way that provides greater relaxation. Many of the children at the Lake School are hyperactive, anxious, and overly excited. Working on an art project provides structure, containment, and limit context that helps to composure children down.Art can also take a leak the reverse performance on depressed, retract children. Art and art-making can help stimulate these individuals and improver participation in therapy and decrease inhibition. A disadvantage of verbal therapy is that when working verbally, individuals can stop and filte r thoughts and feelings (Wadeson, 1980). It is easier to platform line and tame your words then your art. This editing can slow down the healing(predicate) process. Harriet Wadeson lists objectification as another advantage. This term is ground on the premise that art expression can form a bridge.Objectification is the vox populi that feelings or ideas are at outset externalized in an object (picture or sculpture). The art object allows the individual, while separating from the feelings, to recognize their universe of discourse (Wadeson, 1980, p. 10). Hopefully, the individual can then come to own his or her feelings and integrate them into the self. When in art therapy, the individual is left with a tangible object that can be taken with him or her after the therapy has terminate (Wadeson, 1980). In verbal therapy, there are no tangible products.The object(s) is symbolic of the work done in preaching and can also serve as a reminder of skills studyed. The person then has a reminder of work done, which is curiously secure for children. The picture or sculpture is not subject to distortions of memory. An additional advantage of having a tangible product is that it is easier to recall and score emerging patterns. A therapist and the client can derive a sense of ongoing development that occurs in the redress process. The art object provides documentation that is a direct statement by the patient, not filtered by the therapist (Wadeson, 1980).A nett noted advantage is that art lights-out into primary process thinking and allows the child to process the event without the censorship or inhibitions of second gearary process thinking. Literature limited review of Art Therapy Research Art therapy political platforms, strange traditional doctoral broadcasts in psychology, live not emphasized semiempirical inquiry. Students examine art therapy enter the ambit because they bunk to be more interested in the clinical work rather than in conducting interrogation. Many programs, though this began changing in the 1980s, do not offer the foundational courses in look design.Given this focus, the line of business of art therapy deficiencys the research studies that utilize quantifiable data. Therefore, practically of the research regarding the efficacy of art therapy has been contingency studies. Many prolific writers in the field admit written about the lack of art therapy research (McNiff, 1998a, Rosal, 1998 Malchiodi, 1995). As a relatively new discipline we welcome yet to advance to the stage where passe-partout researchers separate the process of investigation from the the dedicate of the craft (McNiff, 1998a, p. 86). Many art therapists difference of opinion with the more traditionally acceptable research procedures.Creative research methods seem to work themselves give to analyseing this unique field because in enables the researcher a better opportunity to provide evidence regarding the process of therapeutic change. To show the changes that occur after the course of art therapy, many practitioner-researchers render to let the nice products speak for themselves, conjugate with a description of how the client locomote through the process and experience of art therapy. The practice of art therapy generates a appetency to show data on the part of both participants and therapists.The presentation of imagery is a natural extension of the therapeutic process and a primary feature of artistic activity (McNiff, 1998b, p. 93). To date, it was difficult to find studies that investigated behavioural changes occurring after the introduction of a direct-based group art-therapy program. However, there is research that administeres other changes art therapy can bring about. Rosal, McCulloch-Vislisel, and Neece (1997) conducted an art therapy voyage think in an urban proud domesticate with ninth-grade students.The program terminal was to advance attitudes about groom, relationships, and life decrease the form of failing grades and keep students from dropping out of condition. Results of this study indicated that the art therapy, in corporation with the English curriculum, had a confirmatory effect on the subjects. The investigators found that the participants stayed in groom, failed a really small number of courses, and meliorate their attitude about give instruction, family, and self. Another study, conducted by Jasenke Roje (1995), apply art therapy with latency age children who were victims of the 1994 Los Angeles quake.Roje found art therapy to be an trenchant and successful treatment modality in the reco very of earthquake trauma. It enabled children to express interior(a) processes which they had no verbal awareness of and it facilitated working through the defenses in order to come upon underlying conflicts which hindered recovery (Roje, 1995, p. 243). Rosal (1993) investigated the use of art therapy to modify the locus of control and accommod ative classroom behavior of children with behavior disorders. Subjects were fourth, fifth, and 6th grade students living in a poor urban rural area in a mammoth city.Most of the children came from unstable families. All subjects were identified as having behavioral difficulties at take and poor consort relationships. Results of this study were not statistically profound, however, Rosal noted change in the subjects. One of the measures Rosal utilized was The Childrens Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Locus of Control (CNS-D3) measure. She found that although there were no statistically significant results, both experimental groups made greater moves toward the norm of the CNS-IE than the control groups.A second measure used in this study was the Conners Teacher Rating Scale (TRS). Results indicated that the two art therapy treatment conditions showed significant differences in changes of diagnosing on the TRS. Both art therapy treatment conditions were more effective than the control group in component part the behavior disordered students improve. Seventy-five percent of the subjects in one of the treatment conditions showed an improved diagnosing on the TRS and 67% showed improved diagnosis in the other treatment condition.The three and final measure that Rosal used in this study was a personal concept drawing interview (PCDI) that was developed specifically for this study to measure changes in self-perception. The students in both art therapy treatment conditions showed an ontogenesis in positive attitudes, whereas no major change was noted in the control group. In conclusion, Rosals study suggests that art therapy may be an effective modality in helping children with behavior disorders increase levels of control.Pleasant-Metcalf and Rosal (1997) utilized a single-case study research design in a school setting to study the effectiveness of individual art therapy with a 12-year-old girl whose donnish performance declined following the divorce of her parents. show in this pilot study suggests that school-based art therapy was effective in helping increase academic performance. This study adds to the growing body of writings supporting the notion that art therapy is an important school-based service and can positively impact academic performance.Avidar (1995) explored through two case studies how art therapy can address treatment occupys of children who experience permeating trauma. The subjects in Avidars study, much like the ones in the current study, reside in a violent inner-city ho exploitation project in a major metropolitan city. Avidar found that art therapy proves to address the psychological needs of individuals who experience chronic trauma. Art therapy provides distance, expression, mastery, control, and higher up all, safety and trust (Avidar, 1995, p. 16).Omizo and Omizo (1989) used art activities with minority children aged 8 to 11 to help improve self-esteem. It is well attested that poor self-estee m, feelings of incompetence, worthlessness, hopelessness, powerlessness, and feelings of inadequacy contribute to delinquency, summation abuse, unemployment, unrealized potential, poor achievement, and involvement with umbrage (Roundtree, 1979 and Shaplen, 1982, as cited in Omizo & Omizo, 1989). As in Omizo and Omizos study, the children in the current study face the aforementioned feelings and problems.Children in the Omizo study were assigned to an experimental group or a control group and were pre- and post-tested using The Culture-Free Self-Esteem Inventory for Children (SEI) to measure self-esteem. Results on the post-test indicated a significant difference between the experimental and control group. The minority children who participated in group counseling that utilized art activities had significantly higher social peer-related and academics/school-related self-esteem. applications programme of Art Therapy in Counseling Children Historically, therapy has been provided in p rivate offices, hospitals, and confederacy clinics.Traditionally, schools have been viewed narrowly as places to educate. Now that we have entered the twenty-first century, an expanded notion of the function of the school needs to be considered. Schools are not just the place where students learn academic material schools also shape students psychological well-being, especially in poor urban neighborhoods where there are few resources gettable to families. Schools are the primary institutions where children gather, and as such, they provide an excellent setting in which to lurch effective serve to children in need.Individuals and families may not be able to admit work if they are required to go to an office-based treatment setting. School-based services can provide a solution to the problem of children not being independently mobile and having to intrust on a family member, guardian, or some other adult to take them to therapy. Schools are where the children are. We have to t ake the service to them, rather than expect them to come to us (McNiff, 1997). This is especially the case when working with disadvantaged, at-risk children. There are a multitude of factors that may offer to a lack of participation in treatment.It is often not a lack of desire or want for treatment, but rather a confounding situation. disadvantaged families usually do not have a reliable source of transportation. Therefore, it makes it very difficult to make a schedule session that possibly is miles away, outside of their community. Another problem with children receiving services outside of the school is that they have to rely on an adult to get them there. Parents in poor urban settings are often disenfranchised by the system and may lack the motivation to get their child to treatment.In addition, there may be crises that arise and other children whose parents or guardians are caring for that make it difficult to get to scheduled appointments. However, with school-based interv entions, if the child attends class, he or she is able to possess treatment without relying on an adult to provide transportation. The school is therefore a more effective place to reach children more consistently. The earlier the intervention, the more likely it is that one can eradicate and reshape foaming behaviors among children. The longer the behavior continues, the more difficult it is to extinguish.By meeting the needs of children in a school setting, there is a greater chance of targeting and changing negative behaviors at an early stage. There are numerous advantages to school-based treatments when compared to more traditional settings. There is a push for briefer treatments in which the patient takes a more active piece in the therapeutic process. In addition, there is no longer the belief that one type of treatment is appropriate for all presenting problems. Art therapy in the exoteric schools is an alternative approach to a variety of problems, one that is both acti ve and brief.The therapy takes place when school is in session therefore, the school calendar dictates treatment to moreover be a certain length of time. Another advantage is that the therapist, by being in the school, is part of the school system and mood and has an opportunity to gauge the general social climate that is impinging on the child (Nicol, 1979, p. 83). The therapist can witness the child interacting with peers and teachers and tell apart problematic social relationships and social skills that are causing difficulties for the child.Providing treatment in a familiar environment is linked to clients be in treatment. The school is a very familiar environment for children, thus change magnitude the chances that the child will remain in treatment. A final advantage of the school-based setting is the collaboration that can occur amongst professionals (Nicol, 1979). Teachers do not receive the undeniable training on how to handle children with behavioral problems. The sch ool-based therapist can serve as a resource for the teachers and school staff, providing consultations and in-school workshops.Given the central role that schools play in the lives of children, we need to expand upon this by not only educating children on subjects of reading, writing, and arithmetic, but also help to foster positive self-esteem and horny and cognitive growth. In addition, schools also should help children build interpersonal relationship skills and help students to develop positive behaviors. By widening the definition and role the school plays beyond academic success, children will have a greater chance of success and a larger set of skills necessary to make it in the outside world.Most of the literature on art therapy in schools represents work that is taking place in specialize settings, not urban normal schools. The inclemency of problems that children bring into school settings is rising dramatically. Violence, intimate abuse, suicide, substance abuse, pove rty, and the decay of family and community structures are just some of the numerous issues touch on children today (Essex, Frostig, & Hertz, 1996, p. 182). Children bring these problems into the classroom and schools are left with the responsibility to handle these spartan situations. When a child is in di reach, it interferes with the childs ability to learn.In 1990, a decision by the Supreme speak to of New Jersey emphasized the comminuted need for public school support of these issues. There have been several other legislative initiatives that focus on the benefits of creative art therapies to help individuals who do not respond to more traditional therapies. The Senate and household Report (No. 96-712, May 18, 1980) on the mental Health Systems Act of 1980 gave special solicitude to the creative arts therapies in the treatment of persons who required mental health services but who did not respond to traditional therapeutic modalities (Bush, 1997b, p. 10).Janet Bush (1997a ) introduced the first across-the-board art therapy program in a public school in Dade County, Florida during the 1979-1980 school year which still exists today. Other art therapy programs have been started in the United States, but they are not as spacious as Dade County and have developed differently. Initially, the goal of the pilot program in Dade County was to provide art therapy for students with physical, emotional, educational, and psychological problems to ameliorate a variety of unacceptable behaviors and to help the students learn by improving students insights, attitudes, and skills (Bush, 1997a, p.9). Eventually, the program contract its focus to only include students with emotional problems. While obtaining her graduate degree in art therapy, Bush recognized how students problems were in a flash and indirectly affecting their educational goals. By introducing art therapy in the school, she hoped to assist the children in problem resolution by providing tools to fos ter self-expression and emotional and cognitive growth. In 1999, the offer County school district employed 20 Mi-time art therapists to work in 28 public schools. (Minato, 1999, p. 59).As the art therapy program grew and developed, other professionals (psychologists, social workers, family therapists, and teachers) joined the treatment team. At first, the program combined art education along with art therapy. This was collectible to the fact that the original funding for the program came from the art education department. In 1995, the program shifted away from art education and started steering entirely on clinical art therapy objectives with severely emotionally disturbed children (Bush, 1997a). The activities the school art therapists provided were very comprehensive.They included consultation, assessment, intervention, professional training and development, research, program planning, and evaluation (Bush, 1997b). Although the Dade County school-based art therapy program has be en a success, its success has been measured by observation and experiences of the therapists. This program, along with nigh school-based art therapy programs, lacks the documentation to support empirical research. The Dade County program has continued to prosper since its start in 1979, but empirical research supporting it is minimal (Bush, 1997b). Art therapy in schools, however, has not taken root.It is time for controlled research and documentation on the application of art therapy in schools. Relevant outcome criteria on the effectiveness of art therapy in treating students and the cause of participation on a schools team should be reported. (Bush, 1997a, p. 13) The Dade County art therapy program is a model program, which can serve to inspire future development of similar school-based art therapy programs. Art therapy in a school-based setting can provide at-risk children with an outlet to work through obstacles that are hindering their educational, emotional, and social gr owth.Conclusion behavioural science research has focused on the psychological, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive problems that children exposed to chronic stress and violence face. Research in this area has become increasingly prolific as the rates of violence and risk of motion-picture show increases. This is especially true in large urban cities where the prevalence rate of urban youth exposed to violence and chronic stress is rapidly increasing. There are many factors in the lives of impoverished black children that lead to chronic stress.Rutter (1978) identified half a dozen significant familial stressors that increased the opportunity of behavioral disorders among children. They are (a) the father having an semiskilled(prenominal)/semiskilled job, (b) overcrowding in the home or a large family size, (c) the mother throe from depression or a mental case disorder, (d) the child having ever been in care, (e) the father having been convicted of any offense against the law, and (f) marital discordance (Rutter, 1978). Other researchers examined binary stressors on school-aged childrens psychological functioning parental conflict, agnate depression, overcrowding, and family income.Shaw and Emery found that cumulative family stressors predicted clinically-elevated child behavior problems and below-average ratings of childrens IQ and perceived social competence (1988, p. 204). The research suggests there is a significant relationship between movie to chronic stress, crime, and violence and behavioral, psychological, and academic problems. It is necessary to then take the next step and focus on ways in which to ameliorate these negative effects. Traditionally, psychological services of art therapy have been provided in hospitals, community mental health centers, and private offices.There are, however, numerous factors that impede the ability of at-risk children from getting these needed services that are often provided outside their community. School- based interventions in art therapy can provide one solution to this problem. School-based therapeutic interventions have been effective in helping children to deal with the emotional repercussions of living with multiple stressors. By addressing common problems in a novel way, school-based art therapy therapy opens the doors to many children who otherwise would not receive the needed therapeutic help.The children are in their schools everyday, so why not bring the service to them. burden literature supports the notion that school-based intervention programs in art therapy can yield to positive outcomes in the lives of children.References Art therapy Definition of profession. (1998, Summer). American Art Therapy Association Newsletter, 31, 3. Avidar, A. (1995). Art therapy and permeant trauma Working with children in violent communities. Pratt Institute Creative Arts Therapy Review, 16, 10-16. Bush, J. (1997a).The development of school art therapy in Dade County public schools Impl ications for future change. Art Therapy journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 14(l 9-14. Bush, J. (1997b). The handbook of school art therapy. Springfield, IL Charles C Thomas. Essex, M. , Frostig, K. , & Hertz, J. (1996). 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